
Raorchestes resplendens, commonly known as the Resplendent Shrub Frog, is a small, vividly colored amphibian native to the high-altitude grasslands of the Western Ghats in India. With its striking appearance, unique behaviors, and critically endangered status, this species has captivated the interest of herpetologists and conservationists worldwide. Let’s dive into the fascinating world of Raorchestes resplendens.
Physical Characteristics
The Resplendent Shrub Frog exhibits a snout-vent length of 22.7–24.5 mm in males and 25.2–28.3 mm in females, making it a relatively small member of its genus. Its smooth head contrasts with a rough back adorned with symmetrical glandular swellings (macro-glands). These glands are also located on the sides of the head, vent, and limbs.
Key Identifiers:
Coloration: Vibrant shades of red, orange, yellow, and blackish-brown.
Distinct Features: Short limbs and a crawling mode of locomotion unique within the genus.
Iridescent Eyes: Bright red irises add to its allure.
In life, its deep brick-red back and bright yellow underside make it stand out. However, these colors fade when preserved in alcohol, transforming to more muted hues.
Distribution and Habitat
A Western Ghats Treasure
Raorchestes resplendens is endemic to the Anamalai massif of the southern Western Ghats, primarily within the Eravikulam National Park in Kerala. Its range spans altitudes of 1,896 to 2,695 meters, including Anamudi Peak, the highest point in South India. This species thrives in montane grasslands interspersed with shola forests, a unique ecosystem found in this region.

Life History and Behavior
Nocturnal and Elusive
These frogs are nocturnal and avoid artificial light, often retreating into dense vegetation. They are ground-dwelling and display remarkable cryptic behavior.
Breeding and Vocalization
Breeding Season: May to September.
Male Calls: Males vocalize from ground-level vegetation, producing unique non-pulsatile and pulsatile calls using a transparent vocal sac.
Reproduction: Females lay eggs in moss-covered burrows near bamboo clumps. The species undergoes direct development, skipping the tadpole stage entirely.
Conservation Status : Critically Endangered
According to the IUCN Red List, Raorchestes resplendens is critically endangered, with fewer than 300 mature individuals estimated. Despite being found within a protected area, its population is declining for unknown reasons. Notably, the species has tested negative for chytrid fungus, a common threat to amphibians worldwide.
Potential Threats:
Habitat alteration due to deforestation and climate change.
Increased sensitivity to UV radiation.
Evolutionary Insights
Molecular analyses reveal that Raorchestes resplendens is closely related to species like R. munnarensis, forming part of the R. beddomii species complex. However, its evolutionary relationships remain under study, adding to the mystery surrounding this rare frog.
The Need for Conservation
The Resplendent Shrub Frog’s survival depends on protecting its fragile montane habitat and understanding the reasons behind its decline. Conservation efforts must focus on:
Habitat preservation.
Detailed ecological studies.
Raising awareness about its critical status.
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